What is the formula for the average voltage Vav as stated?

• A. Vav = 2(Vmax - Vdd)/Pi
• B. Vav = 2(Vmax - Vdd/Pi)
• C. Vav = (Vmax + Vdd)/Pi
• D. Vav = Vmax - Vdd/Pi

Answer: (B)

Average voltage is found by taking the area under the waveform over one complete cycle and dividing by the period. For a waveform that reaches a peak of Vmax and has a DC offset that effectively reduces the swing by a portion tied to the cycle’s geometry, the integral leads to a form where the offset contributes as Vdd divided by π inside the parentheses and the whole swing is scaled by 2/π. That gives Vav as 2 times the quantity (Vmax minus Vdd/π). This structure reflects how the peak and the offset combine when you average over a full cycle and why the offset term appears inside the subtraction with a π factor. The other forms either place the π in a different position or omit part of the offset, which would not match the area calculation for this waveform.